Diabetes: the desperation of liver or autoimmune disorder - What your genetics tell you about risk of your diabetes

 

Diabetics is a metabolic disorder which affects 2.8% of population in 2000 and expected to increase 4.4% in 2030. Numeric figure of this percentage is 366 million that’s means in 2030, 366 million will affected from diabetics mellitus.

 

What is diabetes?

Diabetic is metabolic disorder which is polygenic in nature alike hypertension and coronary heart disease. Estimated 95% of diabetics’ cases are polygenic in nature which means an inherited disorder which are the resultant of combined actions of more than one genes. 

Whereas genetic mutation in one gene referred to as monogenic diabetes and accounts for 1-5% of diabetes cases.

Most of the young age diabetes are monogenic diabetes. In this form beta cells of pancreas are unable to produce insulin, insulin that is responsible for the maintaining blood glucose level. Altering in blood glucose level lead to end organ damage

Types of diabetes?

Type of diabetes depend on its age whereas severity of disease depend upon with level of blood glucose.

Diabetes can be categorized on its age of onset in type 1, type 2, and type 3, neonatal and gestational diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

It is also known as young age diabetes because it onset is before 30 years or in younger peoples. It is genetically transferred either polygenically or monogenically from parents.

Patients with type 1 diabetes are insulin dependent, by maintaining their blood glucose through insulin shot so it is also known as insulin dependent diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes

It is late onset diabetes symptoms pf diabetes occur in late age i.e. above 30 years of age.

Type 2 diabetic patients are non- Insulin dependent in this type alteration in blood glucose levels are secondary to insulin resistance or insulin deficiency

Type 2 diabetic patients are at more risk than type 1, some of these risk factors are modifiable others are non-modifiable that cannot be modify.

Type 3 diabetes:

Alteration in glucose metabolism in type 3 diabetes are followed by cognitive  impairment and oxidative stress – these symptoms are also  characterized  in Alzheimer disease so it is not wrong to say that possible form of Alzheimer disease is type 3 diabetes mellitus.

Recent studies concluded several other mechanistic link between diabetic type 3 and AD that are metabolite changes and lipids, carbohydrates, protein and brain dysfunction.

Neonatal diabetes

As the name indicated, this type of diabetes occur in neonatal babies that means fix six months of life.

Its prevalence ratio is one in 100000 – 500000 birth. It is monogenic diabetes and misdiagnosed as type 1 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes:

Onset of gestational diabetes in pregnancy majorly in late pregnancy or in last of second or starting of third trimester. It is associated with carbohydrate intolerance.

Reasons of gestational diabetes are:

• Mother age 25 or older
• Overweight mother, having BMI 30 or higher
• Previously mother have polycystic ovary
• Mother taking antipsychotic pills, beta blockers for hypertension, glucocorticoid for asthma and other autoimmune disease.
• Mother past disease, facing with diseases that precipitate out diabetes in mother as like glucose intolerance.

How can we prevent diabetes 

Diabetes can be prevent by modification in the lifestyle Either it help in prevention of diabetes or not but surely it delay the onset of diabetes. 

 Genetics and diabetes

• Genes responsible for causing diabetes are haplotype 

• this haplotype have certain variations 

• particular haplotypes responsible for encoding the disease diabetes are HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1 genes. 

• these all are belong to the family of genes called HLA COMPLEX  - PRECISELY it have unique function that is it differ the body's own protein from the protein coming from outside so as indicate th function of HLA Complex that it is the part of immune system.

is it autoimmune disorder :

Autoimmune disorder is when body start to destroy own body tissues and recognized it as foreigner cell . so according to research and clinical studies it is seen in the patient of diabetes type 1 body start destroying body own beta cell that responsible for making the body insulin ultimately insulin are not formed and blood sugar level rises . 

Again mentioning the reason of increasing blood sugar level ; when cell doesn't get glucose ( insulin make glucose available for cell) it desperately dying for gluycose and ultimately it send message to liver to meet the glucose in return liver make excess of glucose which come in blood and cause high blood glucose level.  

well not to worry 

This combination of haplotype required for beta cell auto immune destruction that cause diabetes type 1 

secondly 5% of chances developing diabetes because these combination found only 5% in  population. 

HLA variation have 40% capability to develop the diabetes with this variation . 

like the HLA family :

HLA family along with diabetes have some beneficial effect because its the part of immune system so protect our body from foreigner particles.